Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2011 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 8 Articles
The aim of the present work was to develop and optimize liquid Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system SNEDDS (SNEDDS) formulation for improvement of solubility and dissolution of Isradipine (ISP). A 3- factor, 3- level Box Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the independent variables such as amount of Capmul MCM: Captex 200, 1:2 (X1), Tween 80 (X2), PEG 400 (X3) in order to obtain a formulation which emulsify rapidly, gives rapid drug release and also have droplet size as small as possible. The dependent variables selected were emulsification time (Y1), % transmission (Y2), % drug release after 15 minutes (Y3), and droplet size (Y4). Following optimization, the values of independent variables (X1, X2, and X3) were 54, 198, and 149 mg, respectively for maximizing (Y2 and Y3) and minimizing (Y1 and Y4). The optimized formulation of ISP showed a significant increase in dissolution rate (which gives almost 100 % drug release within 10 minutes) compared to the plain ISP under the same conditions. In conclusion BBD may be use for the optimization of liquid SNEDDS of ISP and this optimize formulation could be promising to improve solubility and dissolution of ISP....
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been introduced recently as a novel carrier system for both small and large therapeutic molecules. CNTs can be functionalized (i.e., surface engineered) with certain functional groups in order to manipulate their physical or biological properties. In addition to the ability of CNTs to act as carriers for a wide range of therapeutic molecules, their large surface area and possibility to manipulate their surfaces and physical dimensions have been exploited for use in the photothermal destruction of cancer cells. This paper paper will discuss the therapeutic applications of CNTs with a major focus on their applications for the treatment of cancer....
The present work related to create smaller eye drops of glaucoma medications of the drug Timolol Maleate by reducing the dropper tip design. Most ocular diseases are treated with topical application of eyedrops. After instillation of an eyedrop, typically less than 5% of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches intraocular tissues, while a major fraction of the instilled dose is absorbed and enters the systemic circulation. Ophthalmic solutions are available in multidose or single dose administration in a wide variety of glass and plastic dropper bottles that deliver drops with a volume between 25 and 70 µL. with an average value of 40 µL. The low capacity of the precorneal area resulting in an optimal drop volume of about 20 µL and the risk of adverse systemic effects of drugs due to systemic absorption via the nasal mucosa. Biopharmaceutical and economic point of view smaller drops of 5 to 15 µL should be instilled in to eye. The present work is carried by reducing the dropper tip by inserting glass capillary. The solutions of drug timolol maleate prepared in different concentrations by using Tween 80, i.e,0.05% & 0.1% of tween 80.The drop sizes of different marketed products analyzed with the present formulations and the concentrations of drug in each drop analyzed and compared for the monthly and annually cost of medications. The 0.1% of tween 80 with inserted glass capillary shows to be effective in terms of smaller drop size, drug concentration, total volume and effective in cost therapy for monthly and year cost....
Glucan particles (GPs) are hollow, porous 2ââ?¬â??4?Ã?µm microspheres derived from the cell walls of Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The 1,3-Ã?Ÿ-glucan outer shell provides for receptor-mediated uptake by phagocytic cells expressing Ã?Ÿ-glucan receptors. GPs have been used for macrophage-targeted delivery of soluble payloads (DNA, siRNA, protein, and small molecules) encapsulated inside the hollow GPs via core polyplex and layer-by-layer (LbL) synthetic strategies. In this communication, we report the incorporation of nanoparticles as cores inside GPs (GP-NP) or electrostatically bound to the surface of chemically derivatized GPs (NP-GP). GP nanoparticle formulations benefit from the drug encapsulation properties of NPs and the macrophage-targeting properties of GPs. GP nanoparticle formulations were synthesized using fluorescent anionic polystyrene nanoparticles allowing visualization and quantitation of NP binding and encapsulation. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (Dox) were bound to cationic GPs. Dox-MSN-GPs efficiently delivered Dox into GP phagocytic cells resulting in enhanced Dox-mediated growth arrest....
We demonstrated that hydrophobic derivatives of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)flufenamic acid (FA), can be formed into stable nanometer-sized prodrugs (nanoprodrugs) that inhibit the growth of glioma cells, suggesting their potential application as anticancer agent. We synthesized highly hydrophobic monomeric and dimeric prodrugs of FA via esterification and prepared nanoprodrugs using spontaneous emulsification mechanism. The nanoprodrugs were in the size range of 120 to 140?nm and physicochemically stable upon long-term storage as aqueous suspension, which is attributed to the strong hydrophobic interaction between prodrug molecules. Importantly, despite the highly hydrophobic nature and water insolubility, nanoprodrugs could be readily activated into the parent drug by porcine liver esterase, presenting a potential new strategy for novel NSAID prodrug design. The nanoprodrug inhibited the growth of U87-MG glioma cells with IC50 of 20?�µM, whereas FA showed IC50 of 100?�µM, suggesting that more efficient drug delivery was achieved with nanoprodrugs....
Nanotechnology has prompted new and improved materials for biomedical applications with particular emphasis in therapy and diagnostics. Special interest has been directed at providing enhanced molecular therapeutics for cancer, where conventional approaches do not effectively differentiate between cancerous and normal cells; that is, they lack specificity. This normally causes systemic toxicity and severe and adverse side effects with concomitant loss of quality of life. Because of their small size, nanoparticles can readily interact with biomolecules both at surface and inside cells, yielding better signals and target specificity for diagnostics and therapeutics. This way, a variety of nanoparticles with the possibility of diversified modification with biomolecules have been investigated for biomedical applications including their use in highly sensitive imaging assays, thermal ablation, and radiotherapy enhancement as well as drug and gene delivery and silencing. Here, we review the available noble metal nanoparticles for cancer therapy, with particular focus on those already being translated into clinical settings....
Conventional drug delivery systems have slight control over their drug release and almost have no control over the effective concentration at the specific target site. This kind of dosing pattern may result in constantly changing and unpredictable plasma concentrations. Drugs can be delivered in a controlled pattern over a long period of time by the controlled or modified release drug delivery systems. They include dosage forms for oral and transdermal administration, as well as injectable and implantable systems. For most of the drugs, oral route remains as the most acceptable route of administration. Certain molecules may have low oral bioavailability because of their solubility or permeability limitations. Development of an extended release dosage form also requires reasonable absorption throughout the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Among the available techniques for improvement of the bioavailability of these drugs, fabrication of osmotic drug delivery system is the most appropriate technique. Osmotic drug delivery systems release the drug with the zero order kinetics which does not depend on the initial concentration and the physiological factors of GIT. This review brings out new technologies, fabrication and recent clinical research carried out in osmotic drug delivery systems....
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a relatively common occurrence (20ââ?¬â??30%) that delays discharge and, if persistent, can lead to serious complications. The incidence of PONV is a function of patient characteristics, the type and duration of surgery, the type of anesthesia, and the choice of pre-, intra-, and postoperative pharmacotherapy. There are no completely effective antiemetic agents for this condition, but recommendations for treatment strategies are separately available for pediatric and adult patients. Left unclear is whether adolescents should be guided by the pediatric or the adult recommendations. We review the developmental physiology of the relevant physiological factors (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination). We also review the clinical evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of a fixed-dose combination of ondansetron (4?mg, i.v.) and transdermal scopolamine (1.5?mg)....
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